Historical Development of Law Enforcement Essay -- essays research pap

Since 27 B.C. law enforcement has been used by humans as a means to defend property and keep peace. Law enforcement has been changing ever since it was created. It will keep changing for the greater good of the community as long is there is a continual need for law enforcement. According to REAL POLICE. (N.D.) Para 5, the first organized police force was created by the great nephew of Julius Caesar, Gaius Octavius in 27 B.C. These men were called Vigiles. The Vigiles were armed with wooden clubs and small swords. They were formed to perform two duties, fight fires in the city and arrest law breakers. The prefect of the Vigiles became a powerful man. He had the ability to judge and sentence lawbreakers. In 1200 A.D., English law enforcement evolved into agents called bailiffs. These men were the original peace keepers. They stood night watches to spot thieves and fires. The bailiffs were not tasked with crime prevention, but merely to alert the sleeping public and create a posse to deal with any situation. They worked by staying in one place, a post, and listening for cries of distress from the public. If a cry was heard, the bailiff would bang on every door he could to gather up the townspeople. Once a posse was formed, it would search the city for the law violator. Once the violator was found, a fair trial was not offered. The posses would usually beat or kill the person it suspected committed the crime. This process of gathering the townspeople to punish a crime was called the hue and cry method (Schmalleger, 2005). In the 1600’s, American colonies used a law enforcement system like England’s. The colonies used the hue and cry method along with a night watch (bailiff). The mid 1600’s slight improvements ... ... Local law enforcement, known as municipal law, has the largest number of employees. Local law also has the largest amount of precincts. In 2000, 12,666 police departments employed 566,000 people. Local law enforcement is made up of police officers you see on a daily basis driving around town. Schmalleger (2005). Much has changed since Gaius Octavius created the Vigiles in 27 B.C. Law enforcement has come from posses beating criminals to specializing into three distinct jurisdictions. History has shown that law enforcement must change with the times. Refrences Schmalleger, F. (2005). Criminal Justice Today : An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, Pearson Prentice Hall. Unknown (2001). Real Police, History of Police. PG# 1-11 International Association of Women Police (N.D.).Past and Present, 1915-today. PG# 1-4

How does Jane Austen show her views on the marriage conventions of the nineteenth century Essay

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen’s most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day. Jane Austen is considered by many the first real novelist, she had a very unique style of writing when she wrote all of her books, this is what I believe appealed to her readers, the style that she used was described as ‘comedy of manners’. The comedy of manners satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often represented by stock characters, such as Mr. Collins. It has been the blueprint for romantic fiction in the writing world. Marriage is a pivotal theme in Pride and Prejudice, the conventions were different in the nineteenth century they were expected to marry for their own financial security. They also had to be married to a higher ranked man but within the same range of class, for example in the book when Charlotte Lucas marries Mr. Collins, they did not love each other but it suited them both to marry. Charlotte Lucas wanted a husband who could financially support her and Mr. Collins was on the hunt for a suitable young wife. He already had asked his cousin and main character in the book Elizabeth Bennet to marry him, she reluctantly disagreed but her mother was not concerned about her feelings, Mrs. Bennet wanted to see all her daughters married Austen uses a lot of different techniques through out the book, she uses a range of satire which is a form of humour where the writer or speaker tries to make the reader or listener have a negative opinion about someone, by laughing at them, making them seem ridiculous or foolish etc. Jane Austen also uses a lot of irony in this book it is a form of humour. When the speaker or writer says one thing but wants you to understand something different, they are being ironic, and example in the book would be where Mr. Bennet has a conversation with his wife about Bingley, he is a very satirical and ironic character because of his extreme politeness and playful innocence, which in result upset Mrs. Bennet. That provides humour for the reader as a result of her dramatic character. Mrs. Bennet’s character is not ironic in the least, but it is the blending of both characters that bring about the irony. Such foils points out to the readers the ridiculousness of human nature. One empathises with Mr. Bennet; his suffering and dissatisfaction is shown through his desire for privacy, his cynical view of mankind, irresponsibility towards his daughters and his indifference, resentment and sarcasm towards his wife. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that every man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. These lines can be read as a statement of fact, Austen is saying that this is just how her contemporaries think, and it is very likely that many of her readers have nodded their agreement to this wise recognition. There is also a sense, however, that such a widely-held view runs the risk of stupidity: some men in possession of a good fortune may see no reason at all for taking a wife, and in any case are not likely to enjoy being viewed as a prize by mothers of eligible daughters. In Pride and Prejudice this is indeed how Mrs Bennet will treat Mr Bingley, and her insensitive presumption begins the novels comedy. Mrs. Bennet has a certain attitude towards marriage; I think Austen wrote Mrs. Bennet in to the story as someone who she is the total opposite too. I think Jane Austen expresses herself through Elizabeth in this novel, she saw herself as a revolutionary woman. In the words of Mrs. Bennet â€Å"If I can see one of my daughters happily married at Netherfield†¦ I shall wish for nothing more,† in this quote she is implying that she does not care about her daughters happiness, mainly for hers. She disguises it very well though, it is made out that she wants what is best for her daughters but she wants her own fortune when she is older. Mr. Collins’ attitude is to get married to a presentable woman in his standard of class. He firstly asks his cousin Elizabeth to marry him, she says no, but he continues to insist, finally he gets the point and asks her best friend to marry him. Mrs. Bennet wanted her daughters married and tries to encourage Elizabeth. Charlotte Lucas (Elizabeth’s best friend) accepts his proposal. I think that Mr. Collins asked Charlotte because I think he may want to make Elizabeth envy them. The quote I choose to make my point with is from chapter 19 and reads â€Å"May I hope, madam, for your interest with your fair daughter Elizabeth, when I solicit for the honour of a private audience with her in the course of this morning? Before Elizabeth had time for anything but a blush of surprise, Mrs. Bennet answered instantly, â€Å"Oh dear! -Yes-certainly. I am sure Lizzy will be very happy-I am sure she can have no objection, Come, Kitty, I want you upstairs.† And, gathering her work together, she was hastening away, when Elizabeth called out: â€Å"Dear madam, do not go. I beg you will not go. Mr. Collins must excuse me. He can have nothing to say to me that anybody need not hear. I am going away myself.† â€Å"No, no, nonsense, Lizzy. I desire you to stay where you are.† And upon Elizabeth’s seeming really, with vexed and embarrassed looks, about to escape, she added: â€Å"Lizzy, I INSIST upon your staying and hearing Mr. Collins.† Elizabeth would not oppose such and injunction-and a moment’s consideration making her also sensible that it would be wisest to get it over as soon and as quietly as possible, she sat down again and tried to conceal, by incessant employment the feelings which were divided between distress and diversion. Mrs. Bennet and Kitty walked off, and as soon as they were gone, Mr. Collins began.† Charlotte Lucas married Mr. Collins, I think her attitude is to be financially secure, I also think she is a little envious of her best friend Elizabeth. I think this quote portrays just that â€Å"The Bennets were engaged to dine with the Lucases and again during the chief of the day was Miss Lucas so kind as to listen to Mr. Collins. Elizabeth took an opportunity of thanking her. â€Å"It keeps him in good humour,† said she, â€Å"and I am more obliged to you than I can express.† Charlotte assured her friend of her satisfaction in being useful, and that it amply repaid her for the little sacrifice of her time. This was very amiable, but Charlotte’s kindness extended farther than Elizabeth had any conception of; its object was nothing else than to secure her from any return of Mr. Collins’s addresses, by engaging them towards herself.† Elizabeth has a very strong personality she is independent, and very strong headed. There are many quotes that I could select for this, but my selected quote would be â€Å"You are mistaken, Mr. Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner.† I chose this quote because this shows that she does not marry just for money, it is a very respectable deed. Darcy is a very arrogant and rich man; he seems to have a very odd relationship with Elizabeth. He is almost perfect in the eyes of a woman; he was rich, handsome, clever and witty. â€Å"And taking her hand, he would have given it to Mr. Darcy who, though extremely surprised, was not unwilling to receive it, when she instantly drew back, and said with some discomposure to Sir William- â€Å"indeed, sir, I have not any intention of dancing. I entreat you not to suppose that I moved this way in order to beg for a partner.† This quote shows how arrogant Darcy is. In conclusion I think that Austen’s final message regarding marriage is that one should not marry for money, but marry for love. She portrays herself in my opinion through Elizabeth and Darcy was a dream couple.

Wedding Speech by Brother of Bride Essay - 1161 Words

Good evening everyone. Hope you are all having a great time. I will try to keep this brief as I am eagerly anticipating that part of the night when the best man humiliates the groom. For those of you who don’t know me, I’m Craig, Rebecca’s oldest brother. The middle child Trent, is seat over there. He is going to love me saying that When Rebecca first asked me some weeks ago if I would make a speech today my first thought was WHY? But then as I sat down to put pen to paper and goggled wedding speeches last night, I was overwhelmed by strange feelings of happiness and pride for my baby sister and her big day. I have been sternly warned not to delve into any of her past relationships, her difficult pre- and post-teen attitude and her†¦show more content†¦As some point we started to here the name Matt come into conversation but as I wasn’t living at home anymore, mum kicked me out at 25, it was some time until I had the pleasure of meeting this new young man. By the time I did it was too late. The cheeky bugger was already sitting at my seat at the dinner table. The bloody nerve of the guy! It appeared he had already won over Mum Dad but Trent and I where immune to his cheap tricks and transparent charm. You see, we had seen them all before, we had used them ourselves. Saying Matt has a good appetite would be an understatement. I am pretty good on the tooth myself, but I have never seen someone put away as much food (and BBQ sauce) as Matt. Monday night dinner at Mum and Dad’s would never again see the existence of leftovers. This helped no end in getting into Mum’s good books. If you eat and like mum’s food, your in. Dad on the other hand was harder to crack. You see with no leftovers, what was he going to take to work for lunch the next day. Matt had is work cut out, or so we thought. Dad enjoys a beer after work and has the typical beer fridge in the garage. So when Matt came over he would always ask if anyone wanted a beer. Thus Matt became Dad’s personal 6 foot 7 beer wench. On the surface this looks like a win win situation. Dad gets a beer brought to him and in turn Matt gets in favour with Dad and gets to drink Dad’s beer. Very cunning indeed! The problem is that Dad had been aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Wedding Speech Delivered by the Brother of the Bride533 Words   |  3 PagesWedding Speech Delivered by the Brother of the Bride Good evening ladies and gentlemen, Im Neal, the brides brother. On behalf of my mother, Mrs. Lian White, I wish to thank you all for coming to celebrate this special occasion with us. We are so happy that so many of our friends and relatives are able to come here to enjoy this splendid occasion with us. Today seems like a magical dream. 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Today, we are surrounded by most of the friends andRead MoreWhat Type Of Pastoral Care And Attention Is Required?1396 Words   |  6 Pagesentering a married relationship enter a ‘a sacred covenant reflecting the Baptismal Covenant.’ The congregation gathered that witnesses a wedding celebrates love between a couple, promising them that they would nurture them in their Christian faith as disciples of Christ, and as a community. What type of pastoral care and attention is required? Since this a wedding between a Punjabi Indian and a Polish American, officiated by a Pakistani (me), I would need to be careful as not to come across as aRead MoreAfghan Wedding Tradition 1337 Words   |  6 Pagessweets and gifts for the to-be bride, some money and clothes to some family members. After the food is served, the grooms father or a respected man from among the guests formally unveils the purpose for their coming and puts the demand as if the brides father accepts his son as a servant of him. 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So with that in mind, thank you, you have been a wonderful audience. (Sit and then get back up) I think an introduction is worthwhile. For those of you who do not yet

Is That a Man or a Woman in Da Vincis Last Supper

The Last Supper is one of the great Renaissance painter Leonardo Da Vincis most famous and fascinating masterpieces — and the subject of many legends and controversies. One of those controversies involves the figure seated at the table to the right of Christ. Is that St. John or Mary Magdalene? The History of The Last Supper Although there are multiple reproductions in museums and on mousepads, the original of The Last Supper is a fresco. Painted between 1495 and 1498, the work is enormous, measuring 15 by 29 feet (4.6 x 8.8 meters). Its colored plaster covers the entire wall of the refectory (dining hall) in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The painting was a commission from Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan and Da Vincis employer for nearly 18 years (1482-1499). Leonardo, always the inventor, tried using new materials for The Last Supper. Instead of using tempera on wet plaster (the preferred method of fresco painting, and one which had worked successfully for centuries), Leonardo painted on dry plaster, which resulted in a more varied palette. Unfortunately, dry plaster is not as stable as wet, and the painted plaster began to flake off the wall almost immediately. Various authorities have struggled to restore it ever since. Composition and Innovation in Religious Art The Last Supper is Leonardos visual interpretation of an event chronicled in all four of the Gospels (books in the New Testament). The gospels say that the evening before Christ was to be betrayed by one of his disciples, he gathered them all together to eat and to tell them that he knew what was coming (that he would be arrested and executed). There, he washed their feet, a gesture symbolizing that all were equal under the eyes of the Lord. As they ate and drank together, Christ gave the disciples explicit instructions on how to remember him in the future using the metaphor of food and drink. Christians consider it as the first celebration of the Eucharist, a ritual still performed today. This Biblical scene had certainly been painted before, but in Leonardos The Last Supper the disciples are all displaying very human, identifiable emotions. His version depicts iconic religious figures as people rather than saints who are reacting to the situation in a human way. Furthermore, the technical perspective in The Last Supper was created such that every single element of the painting directs the viewers attention straight to the midpoint of the composition, Christs head. It is arguably the greatest example of one-point perspective ever created. Emotions in Paint The Last Supper depicts a specific moment in time. It illustrates the first few seconds after Christ told his apostles that one of them would betray him before sunrise. The 12 men are depicted in small groups of three, reacting to the news with differing degrees of horror, anger, and shock. Looking across the picture from left to right: Bartholomew, James Minor, and Andrew form the first group of three. All are aghast, Andrew to the point of holding his hands up in a stop gesture.The next group is Judas, Peter, and John. Judass face is in shadow and he is clutching a small bag, perhaps containing the 30 pieces of silver he received for betraying Christ. Peter is visibly angry, and a feminine-looking John seems about to swoon.Christ is in the center, the calm in the midst of the storm.Thomas, James Major, and Philip are next: Thomas clearly agitated, James Major stunned, and Philip seems to be seeking clarification.Finally, Matthew, Thaddeus, and Simon comprise the last group of three figures, Matthew and Thaddeus turned away to Simon for explanations, but their arms are stretched out towards Christ. Was Mary Magdalene at the Last Supper? In The Last Supper, the figure at Christs right arm does not possess an easily-identified gender. Hes not bald, or bearded, or anything we visually associate with masculinity. In fact, he looks feminine. As a result, some people (like the novelist Dan Brown in The Da Vinci Code) have speculated that Da Vinci wasnt depicting John at all, but rather Mary Magdalene. There are three very good reasons why Leonardo was likely not depicting Mary Magdalene. 1. Mary Magdalene wasnt at the Last Supper. Although she was present at the event, Mary Magdalene wasnt listed among the people at the table in any of the four Gospels. According to Biblical accounts, her role was a minor supporting one. She wiped feet. John is described as eating at the table with the others. 2. It would have been blatant heresy for Da Vinci to paint her there. Late 15th-century Catholic Rome was not a period of enlightenment with regard to competing religious beliefs. The Inquisition began in the late 12th century France. The Spanish Inquisition began in 1478 and 50 years after The Last Supper was painted, Pope Paul II established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Rome itself. The most famous victim of this office was in 1633, Leonardos fellow scientist Galileo Galilei. Leonardo was an inventor and experimenter in all things, but it would have been worse than foolhardy for him to risk offending both his employer and his Pope. 3. Leonardo was known for painting effeminate men. There is controversy over whether Leonardo was gay or not. Whether he was or wasnt, he certainly devoted more attention to male anatomy and beautiful males in general than he did to female anatomy or females. There are some rather sensuous young men depicted in his notebooks, complete with long, curly tresses and modestly downcast, heavy-lidded eyes. The faces of some of these men are similar to that of John. Based on this, it seems clear that Da Vinci painted the apostle John swooning next to Christ, and not Mary Magdalene. The Da Vinci Code is interesting and thought-provoking. However, it is a work of fiction and a creative tale woven by Dan Brown based on a bit of history that goes well above and beyond the historical facts.

Theories Of Crime Robbery - 1514 Words

Theories of Crime – Robbery Introduction Understanding patterns and motivation of crimes is important for solving the mysteries surrounding them. In this sense, theories can be used to explain crime phenomena and answer the questions involved. Through theory, important aspects surrounding a crime can be discovered. Therefore, understanding the patterns and motivations of crimes can be helpful towards preventing their occurrence. This paper focuses on robbery as a type of crime. The two theories that are applied to robbery, in this case, are strain theory and social disorganization theory. Robbery usually involves unlawful taking of property from an organization or an individual through use of force or threat of force. There may also be†¦show more content†¦The criminals, in this case, see engagement in robbery activities as a way of achieving their goals. Social Disorganization Theory The focus of this theory is on the association between social control, the neighborhood structure, and crime (Kubrin Weitzer, 2003). Social disorganization is the incapability of the community to solve significant problems and achieve common goals. The theory posits that residential mobility, poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and weak social networks decrease the ability of the neighborhood to manage the behavior of people and hence the likelihood of crime is increased (Kubrin Weitzer, 2003). Therefore, the social and physical environments of neighborhoods can increase the chances robbery. Factors such as unemployment, vandalized buildings, and poverty can thus be used to explain the occurrence of robbery. When the robbery rates have increased in a neighborhood, an examination of the social and physical environment can yield answers to robbery patterns. Literature Review A study by Moon, Blurton, McCluskey (2008) sought to assess the effect of strains and perceived strains injustice on delinquency. According to the research, perceived injustice and recent strains on an individual have significant effects on delinquency. The researchers based their study on the Agnew’s Strain Theory. According to the theory, when strain is perceived as unjust and isShow MoreRelatedSocial Learning Theory : Social Theory936 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Learning Theory Social learning theory determines that an individual learn as they move along their cognitive process(Bandura,1963). Such person studied the context of social structure, interaction, and situation produces when committing a crime. Similarly as rational choice theory, they weight the cost and reward before conducting the crime, yet there has been a long period of time of learning for the individual with social learning theory. He or she is more likely to be exposed to a personRead MoreClassical Theory And Psychological Positivism1557 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly evolving theories through the annals of Criminology. The modern crime depicted in the scenario portrays the dual aspects of both the offender as an individual and the offense of robbing a local convenience store. This scenario may be analysed through the two schools of Classical theory and Psychological Positivism, relating to the perpetual debate that has sparked the revisionist stream of criminological theories which has culminated in the conception and treatment of crime by the modern criminalRead MoreSociological Concepts848 Words   |  4 Pagesexamine sociological concepts and examples of how they apply in everyday life. Many people experience social problems on a personal level. For instance, this could be poverty, unemployment, poor health, alcohol abuse, family problems or committing crimes. When people hear about these individuals most of the time, they tend to think that it’s not their problems. They tend to blame these individuals for causing problems, and they believe it to be just. However, sociology takes a different perspectiveRead MoreCriminological Theories On The Crime Scene And Measure Characteristics Of Crimes, Victims, And Criminals1303 Words   |  6 Pages Criminological Theories YourFirstName YourLastName University title Criminological Theories Name (Institutional Affiliation) According to Sutherland Edward one of the many founding fathers of modern day criminology, we as learners are able to learn that criminology is a body of knowledge that regards crime as social phenomenon. In details, criminology entails processes such as breaking laws, making laws, and the reactions taken towards breaking of laws. When itRead MoreSocietal Factors Influence On Murder Rates Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation, unemployment, robbery rate, income and education. This will allow for a better understanding of some of the root causes for deadly violent crimes in America, as well as the implementation of preventive measures aimed at fighting the problem in the future. Theory and Data In order to answer this project’s main, question a data set containing information regarding its main points of interest was obtained from the website statcrunch.com. The file holds information on various crime rates, employmentRead MoreWhy Law Abiding Citizens Should Care About The Treatment Of Criminals Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pageswill be narrowed down to focus on the role of policing as it pertains to social control through the labeling theory, deterrence effect of policing, and consequences of policing. Through these three aspects, evidence will be presented that will show a more favorable outcome for individuals within society to be concerned with the interactions among law enforcement and offenders. LABELING THEORY From the deviance course at Salem College it has been ascertained that policing is a form of social controlRead MoreCja 314 Crime Data Comparison Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesSUBMITTED FOR GRADING, SO PLEASE DON’T PLAGIARIZE. Crime Data Comparison: Honolulu amp; New York NAME CJA 314 DATE PROF. Crime Data Comparison Crime is something that occurs throughout the world. To some people it is an incident that adds stress to one’s life, and to others, they see it as a way of life. Over the last years, different areas of the United States have been affected by crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Program is a nationwide program thatRead MoreWhat Is Street Robbery?945 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Street Robbery? The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program defines robbery as â€Å"the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear (FBI, 2010).† Monk, Heinonen and Eck (2010) further displayed the five necessary characteristics of the street crime: 1. â€Å"the offender targets a victim; 2. the victim is a pedestrian and aRead MoreThe New York Police Department945 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of the 1990s, New York City was filled with violent crime. In the events of recent police shootings, citizens could not help but fear the possibility of the city going back to how it was during the 1990s and earlier violent era times. However, recent studies and reports have indicated that the city has never been as dangerous and violent as it was in earlier times. As by 2015, a modest decrease in the rate of serious reported crimes was noteworthy. Reports by the New York Police DepartmentRead MoreCity of God Analysis954 Words   |  4 Pagessociological theories of crime and deviance. Some of the major theories I noticed throughout the movie were the functionalist theory, including examples of relative depravation, as well as the interactionist theory, including differential association and labeling. There was also evidence of the conflict theory and the control theory throughout the film. The functionalist theory states that hard work leads to rewards, and when these rewards are not sufficient, deviance arises. Crime and deviance

Farmland Industries Inc. Essay Example For Students

Farmland Industries Inc. Essay IntroductionToday, when we hear the slogans better farming, better food, or proud tobe farmer owned one company comes to mind, Farmland Industries. We maythink of this of this fortune 500 company as a leading agriculturalpowerhouse, which it is, however, it was not always that way. Background Farmland Industries Inc. was founded by Howard A. Cowden, who was born andraised in Southwestern Missouri. Cowden started young in the cooperativebusiness by working for the Missouri Farmers Association (MFA). However; inOctober of 1927, he had resigned from the position of secretary for the MFAand started out on his own. Immediately following, Cowden received the MFAoil contract that previously had been held with Standard Oil Company, andCowden was now in the wholesale oil business. On January 27, 1928, CowdenOil Company was founded. This business was moved to Kansas City, Missouriin late 1928. In January of 1929, Cowden Oil Company was dissolved and Union Oil Company(Cooperative) was formed. It was clear that Cowden had planned to do morethan just buy and sell oil to local cooperatives. A board of directors wascreated to run the company, yet Cowden retained full control over thecompany that he had created. Cowden started recruiting smaller companies tojoin their cooperative by signing contracts to sell certain amounts ofUnions products. In 1929, Union Oil Company had purchased its first land. The Two Car Garage, as it is referred to, was the building that they hadpurchase to become their new home. In 1935, Union Oil Company changed its name to Consumers CooperativeAssociation (CCA). CO-OP was decided to be its official logo. In Octoberof 1956, CCA moved to their new home on North Oak Trafficway, in KansasCity, and the company was ready for major business. In June of 1961, HowardA. Cowden retired as President of CCA and Homer Young stepped in to fillhis shoes. In early to mid 1966, CCA changed its name again. This time to FarmlandIndustries, Inc., however; they still kept that CO-OP symbol for atrademark. CCA now emphasized much of its business to fertilizer, petroleumand commercial feed. This business only grew and grew for them. By 1967,Farmland Industries had manufacturing facilities for various kinds offertilizer at Lawrence, Kansas; Hastings, Nebraska; Green Bay, Florida; FortDodge, Iowa; Joplin, Missouri, and a plant under construction in Dodge City(Fite 281). From here, Farmland Industries only increased its size, sales, anddividends, not to mention popularity. Some of the major lines include:Food Marketing, Feed, Crop Production, Grain, Beef, and Pork. Of course,there are many, many other lines that the company has produced throughoutthe years. Some of these things include: Ful-O-Pep (Union Oil CompanysAntiknock gas designed to compete with ethyl), CO-OP tires, Batteries,Groceries, Canning and Dehydration, Tractors, Paint, Twine, S teel buildings,and many other successful ventures, along with many other flops. Weve been working to improve margins-by lowering costs, by implementingshared margin programs, by offering prebooking, and contracting programs infuel, crop production, products, feed-and by increasing our emphasis onproviding timely information and other services (Annual 94 2). Organizational CultureToday, Farmland is the largest farmer-owned agricultural input cooperativein the United States. Its mission is: To be a producer-driven,customer-focused and profitable ag supply to consumer foods cooperativesystem (The Farmland Cooperative System 6). The people of FarmlandIndustries believe in American agriculture. They believe that everyoneinvolved in progressive agriculture in America today is entitled to a returnon their investments. Farmlands world headquarters are located in Kansas City, Missouri. Thecity is located on the banks of the Missouri river in western Missouri. Themetropolitan area itself includes four counties in the state of Kansas whichhelps make up its population of 1.65 million people (U.S. Bureau of theCensus 1). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 82.2 percent of thispopulation are White, 12.7 percent are Black, 3.1 percent are Hispanic, and1.9 percent include various other Races (1). In 1995, the estimated KansasCity median household inco me was $37,841. Thirty-eight percent of thehouseholds in the metro area have an effective buying power (this is thediscretionary income households have after paying off all debts) of morethan $50,000 per year (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Kansas City also boastsone of the lowest cost of living in major metropolitan areas. It rankedthird among 25 cities with populations above 1.5 million people (U.S. Bureauof the Census). There are many exciting things to do once youre in Kansas City.

Synthesis Research Problem - Design and Method

Question: Give a discussion on quantitative research design and qualitative research design? Answer: Introduction Research design can be defined as the scientific work structure. The research is directed and systemized by the design. It is the framework that is generated in order to find the answers of research questions (Salkind, 2010). The design of a research ensures that the obtained evidence will make us capable of answering the initial questions of a research unambiguously. There is a great difference between the research design and research method. But often these two words are confused by the researchers. The research design is often treated as data collection methods instead of being treated as a logical structure that is developed for the inquiry of the research (Salaberry Comajoan, 2013). How the data are collected is not at all related to the logical design of the research. The inability to distinguish between the research design and method, often results in poor evaluation of the research (Spoon, 2012). The design that is chosen by a researcher depends on the following factors- The aim of the conducted study or research i.e. the information that are needed in order to conduct the study. Whether the design is effective in collecting the data. Whether the information collected by using the research design is reliable or not. Whether the design support the ethical issues of the study. The cost of the research design (De Vaus, 2005). There are various types of research design options available for the researchers. All of them have some advantages as well as disadvantages. The design that is chosen by the researcher affects the results and findings of the research. There are two main types of research designs that are used by the researchers. These are Qualitative research Quantitative research. Quantitative research design The quantitative research methods are also known as the true science methods as in this method traditional statistical and mathematical measures are used in order to get the results. This method is mostly applied by the physical scientists. Sometimes it is also used by the scientists belonging to the field of biology, economics and social science. The standard format of the research includes development of hypothesis which is proved by means of quantitative analysis using the statistical and mathematical analysis of the data (Taylor Posch, 2014). In quantitative research design, the study groups are generally randomized and incorporation of a control group is done wherever possible. Hypothetical research design (quantitative research): Any type of research is based on a hypothetical platform. For different types of research, the hypothetical research designs are different. Hypothesis: Foot massage is able to reduce agitation in dementia affected patients. Plan of the research: For investigating the hypothesis, the selected samples are categorized in two groups. In one group, the foot massage method is applied and the other group is taken as control where no foot massage is applied. Here the dependent variable is agitation and the causes of agitation are the independent variables (Moyle et al., 2014). The level of agitation is measured in the two groups. Then the data was compared between the two groups. Research questions: Is there any effect of the foot massage therapy on the agitation of dementia patient? Is the effect of foot massage is different for different patients of dementia? To what extent the foot massage therapy is effective? Analysis: The level of agitation is measured using various means before the application of the foot massage therapy and after the application of the therapy and the change in the level of agitation is measured. The data is analyzed statistically in order to determine the effect of foot massage on agitation (Moyle et al., 2014). Strength of the quantitative research method: Quantitative research design is very effective in disproving or proving a hypothesis. The results of the research can be finalized depending on the data. The results obtained after statistical and mathematical analysis of the data can be discussed legitimately and can be published (Pande Dhami, 2014). As quantitative research is based on the comparison of the data between the study group and the control group, the external factors can be excluded and the results obtained can be considered as unbiased and real. The results obtained by qualitative experiment can be tested by applying quantitative research design in order to get the final results. Weaknesses of the quantitative research method: Quantitative researches are often expensive, difficult and time consuming. These types of researches require careful planning in order to ensure complete randomization of sample and correct selection of control groups. Quantitative researches are based on rigorous statistical analysis which is generally difficult for the scientists who are not statisticians. Again, it is very stringent to confirm the statistical results successfully, as there some ambiguity is always there that needs further research and testing which means investment of additional time and resources (Perreault, 2011). Quantitative research method is applied for only proving or disproving the data. But in case of anthropology, education, social science etc. the data cannot be obtained by simply responding positively or negatively due to the complexity of the human nature. Qualitative research design: This research design is mainly used by the researchers and scientists in order to study the human habits and behavior. This is a flexible research design that encompasses a number of accepted structures and methods, ranging from extensive interviewing of many people to case study of an individual person (Parylo, 2012). The mostly used methods in the qualitative research design include interviews, case studies and survey designs. Designing of this type of study should also be done carefully. No standardized structure is followed in order to design a qualitative research. Hypothetical research design (qualitative research): Hypothesis: musical therapy is useful to treat mental illness. Plan of the research: In the qualitative research design, statistical analysis of data is not performed. In order to prove the hypothesis open ended questionnaires, direct interviewing etc. are generally used by the researchers, which is an excellent way to collect information and data regarding the research. In the chosen hypothesis, at first the effect of music is observed in a group of selected individuals suffering from mental illness. Then they are invited to attend a music program on the weekly basis along with their care takers and the effect of the musical program on the selected individuals is observed. Then the mentally ill patients and their care takers are interviewed regarding the effect of music on them (Moyle et al., 2014). Research questions: What is the effect of music on the mentally ill persons? Is music able to connect the mentally ill persons with their care takers? What is the effect of the music on the care takers? Does the music help to strengthen the bond between the mentally ill person and the care taker? Analysis: The information obtained is carefully observed and analyzed in order to obtain the result and prove or disprove the hypothesis. Strength of qualitative research design: Qualitative methods are useful when the research hypothesis cannot be proved by answering yes or no. it is mainly used in case of complex researches. This type of research designs can be planned and carried out easily. Qualitative research design covers a broader scope and ensures that the research will produce data that will be useful (McCusker Gunaydin, 2014). Qualitative research is not completely dependent on the sample size as in the case of quantitative data. Consumption or resource and time is significantly low in case of qualitative research design. Weaknesses of qualitative research design: The results obtained by using such methods are very accurate and need further quantitative analysis in order to increase the accuracy of the result. Planning must be done very carefully in order to increase the accuracy of the result (Ortiz, 2007). Qualitative research cannot be replicated. Conclusion: quantitative or qualitative? There is always debate regarding the applicability and efficiency of the qualitative and quantitative research design. Both these research designs have their strengths and weaknesses. So the question that arises before conducting a research is that whether qualitative or quantitative research design to be used for the research. If the research involves an enquiry whose answer depend on numerical evidences and analysis, then it is best to use the quantitative research design. Again if the research is aimed at finding the reasons behind an incidence or phenomena or involve results that do not need numerical analysis, the qualitative research design should be the best to choose. Again some studies require the involvement of both the qualitative and quantitative design of research, in which the weaknesses of both the research designs are covered by each other (Lund, 2012). References: De Vaus, D. (2005).Research design. London: SAGE. Jackson, N. (2015). Music Therapy and Chronic Mental Illness: Overcoming the Silent Symptoms.Music Therapy Perspectives. doi:10.1093/mtp/miv017 Lund, T. (2012). Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches: Some Arguments for Mixed Methods Research.Scandinavian Journal Of Educational Research,56(2), 155-165. doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.568674 McCusker, K., Gunaydin, S. (2014). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research.Perfusion. doi:10.1177/0267659114559116 Moyle, W., Cooke, M., Beattie, E., Shum, D., ODwyer, S., Barrett, S. (2014). Foot massage versus quiet presence on agitation and mood in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial.International Journal Of Nursing Studies,51(6), 856-864. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.10.019 Ortiz, D. (2007). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches [Book Review].Qualitative Research Journal,6(2), [205]-207. doi:10.3316/qrj0602205 Pande, H., Dhami, H. (2014). Statistical Methods in Language and Linguistic Research.Journal Of Quantitative Linguistics,21(3), 295-297. doi:10.1080/09296174.2014.911507 Parylo, O. (2012). Qualitative, Quantitative, or Mixed Methods: An Analysis of Research Design in Articles on Principal Professional Development (1998-2008).International Journal Of Multiple Research Approaches, 1419-1462. doi:10.5172/mra.2012.1419 Perreault, K. (2011). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.Manual Therapy,16(1), 103. doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.09.003 Salaberry, M., Comajoan, L. (2013).Research Design and Methodology in Studies on L2 Tense and Aspect. Boston: De Gruyter. Salkind, N. (2010).Encyclopedia of research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Spoon, J. (2012). Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design.EBL,3, 33. doi:10.14237/ebl.3.2012.48 Taylor, S., Posch, A. (2014). The Design of a Quantitative Western Blot Experiment.Biomed Research International,2014, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2014/361590